What is the nature of a sample produced by an unscientific, non-random process?

A sample produced by an unscientific, non-random process is categorized as nonprobability. This type of sampling does not utilize methods that give each individual in the population a known, non-zero chance of being selected. Instead, the selection is based on subjective criteria, convenience, or other non-random methods, leading to results that may not accurately represent the wider population.

Nonprobability sampling includes techniques like convenience sampling, judgment sampling, and quota sampling, where the selection bias can significantly impact the validity and generalizability of the results. In contrast, probability sampling methods, by their design, ensure that every individual has a chance to be included, which enhances the reliability of inferential statistics drawn from the sample. The other types, like stratified sampling, involve specific techniques to ensure diverse representation and are inherently grounded in probability principles.